What indicates an absence of a queen in a hive?

An absence of a queen in a hive is indicated by the presence of excessive drone cells. In a healthy colony, the worker bees are responsible for raising worker bees, which are necessary for the hive’s productivity and maintenance. However, if a queen is absent, the bees may start to lay eggs in a way that produces drones (male bees) rather than workers. This is because unfertilized eggs develop into drones, and without a queen present to lay fertilized eggs, the colony produces a higher ratio of drones to workers.

In contrast, a high egg count or a healthy brood pattern would suggest that a queen is present and actively laying eggs. Low nectar stores do not necessarily indicate the presence or absence of a queen, as they are more reflective of the foraging and resource-gathering activities of the worker bees, which can be influenced by many factors unrelated to the queen's status. Thus, the presence of excessive drone cells is a clear sign of a queenless hive situation.